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INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
DYNAMICS OF INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS IN SOUTH ASIA
Bajpai A. P.6-19
Key words: CONFLICT, SOUTHERN ASIA, DYNAMICS, CHINA, INDIA, IDENTITY, MARGINALIZATION, TERRORISM
Abstract: The article analyzes the nature and the dynamics of intra-state conflicts in Southern Asia, and the role of regional and external actors in the conflict processes. The most important of intra-regional factors influencing the dynamics of a conflict being the way Indian reacts on it. To the most important external factor U.S. and China belong. The author examines the problems in the context of peculiarities of integration of the regional countries with existing economic and social conflicts. Fundamental differences between them are emphasized both in economic development and in political system structure. At the same time, social deprivation and deep inequality problems are specific for the most Southern Asian countries which become the base of conflict potential. Key attention is paid to the specific conflicts in different countries connected with combination of ethnic, religious, political and other factors. In most cases the conflicts sprung have violent character and run as armed battles. The author criticizes the attempts of some researchers to explain the presence of such conflicts by influencing on them by a single factor, which does not allow for representing their multidimensional complexity. In the biggest conflicts, the manifestations of nationalism, religious fundamentalism and terroristic threats can be traced. Four basic variables are emphasized to determine intra-state conflict dynamics in the countries of Southern Asia like real or subjective marginalization of different social groups; identity and state border juxtapositions; state actions in response to a conflict uprising, interaction with external environment, both intra-and extra-regional.
ON THE ROLE OF GLOBAL NETWORKS OF CITIES IN WORLD POLITICS
Dovbysh E.G. P.18-31
Key words: NETWORKS OF CITIES, CITIES IN WORLD POLITICS, NEW ACTORS OF IR, GLOBALIZATION
Abstract: This article analyzes the role of global networks of cities in world politics. The research is based on the concept of global (world) cities acting as one of globalization factors. The question of correlation of a city with its environment stands upfront. Based on the analysis of secondary data published in the literature the author identifies two types of networks of cities: infrastructure networks and active networks. They differ from each other in the principles of their formation, in their organizational integrity and in their roles in international relations. The first-type networks are derived and secondary compared with global processes building under the influence of world economic and political needs, the very cities not playing here active roles in the building. Second-type networks form for achieving specific goals and objectives and can be named then goal city networks. Such unions must not only simplify the problem solution but strengthen the positions of ally cities compared with the other IR participants.The author proves that the infrastructure networks of cities are entities that have only indirect impact on world politics, while active network possess some important features of actors of international relations. The rules discussed and established by the network participants allow in their turn for establishing goals for the participants. They interact with the other participant of global management structures in developing and implementing the policy on some global problems.
POLITICAL MANAGEMENT
FROM SERVICES TO THE VALUE OF SERVICES: RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE OF CONNECTED GOVERNANCE IN EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES
Smorgunov L. P.32-51
Key words: CONNECTED GOVERNANCE, VALUE OF SERVICES, RUSSIAN ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM
Abstract: The concept of connected government is in the base of the research, the activity of which is aimed at improving cooperation among government services, strengthening consultations and involving citizens in the process. European perspectives of connected governance are directed by the idea of turn from services to the value of services. This idea transforms understanding of the relations between the government, businesses, and citizens. All of that attaches importance to the monitoring of service policy and policy feedback. The importance of reforming public administration inspired by the concept has become evident for post-communist states in the period of economic crises. Recent trends in Russian administrative reform (2006-2010) and in implementation of e-government (2009-2013) show some evidence of adopting connected governance perspectives here. They are accented on the ideas of legal state and rational bureaucracy, economic approach to managing property and the principle of assessing administrative activity by result as well as by the importance of quality and efficiency of public services. Three main points could be mentioned: (1) feedback in the regulation of government monitoring of effectiveness; (2) citizen participation in the process of service standardization; (3) multi-functional centers, governmental service portals, and e-consultation on federal and regional levels of e-government. Этитренды are connected with some tensions and problems in their development and have definite limits. Up today there have been a break between the requirements of the citizens to the state responsibility and the level of its real implementation, wich is shown by the polls of public opinion on the citizens’ trust to the bodies of state power. 50
SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF POLITICS
SWINGS IN PERCEPTION OF AUTHORITIES IN THE BEGINNING OF 2010-S
Shestopal E. P.52-65
Key words: POLITICAL PERCEPTION, IMAGES OF AUTHORITIES, CITIZENS
Abstract: The paper discusses the results of the last stage of an empirical study of the swings in authorities’ perception that have taken place since electoral campaign of 2011–2012 in Russia. The poll contained a number of open-ended questions that were processed with the help of scaling technique together with SPSS package for the standard questions. These data were compared with the previous results since 1993. Our analysis has shown that public perception divides into three periods. The first stage includes 1990-s when political optics of Russian society was very unfocused: one and the same respondent could trust one politicians, sympathize to others and voted for the third. The second stage is characterized by consolidation of society towards authorities. Images of power in different generational, gender, professional and regional groups were very similar. This stage abruptly finished in 2010. The third stage started in 2010-s. Consolidation of society was damaged in the beginning of this period that resembles the 1990s with their contradictory authorities’ images. Though¸ analogy is not complete .
One of the resins for such changes in relations between citizens and authorities was arrival of a so called generation of 00-s to politics. Political socialization of this generation whose have taken place in stormy 1990-s . That is why their political picture of the world formed as extremely unstable and chaotic.
We have fixes some positive swings as well, For instance we have found values of activism that rooted in public mind in the third period. Citizens also express their desire to subordinate laws. Tycoons disappeared from the public space. Negative changes include the decline of army’s prestige with simultaneous growth of intelligence influence.
PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL THEORY
TYPOLOGY OF REVOLUTION: HISTORY OF CREATION AND MODERN STATE
Shults E. P.65-83
Key words: REVOLUTION, THEORY OF REVOLUTION, CLASSIFICATION OF REVOLUTIONS, TYPOLOGY OF REVOLUTION
Abstract: Revolution typologization is an important problem from the point of view of further development of the theory of revolution, specifying their common features and regularities. The article studies of approaches and methods of classification of such social and political phenomenon as revolution from the point of view of identification of types of revolutions, since the first such attempts in the middle of the XIX century and till today. The author observes in details K. Marx's concepts and their development in Marxism of the XX century, ideas of types of revolutions of the first third of the XX century at R. Michels and G. Piety, approaches of social researchers of the second half of the XX century - S. Eisenstadt, S. Huntington, T. Skocpol, J. Goldstone. Despite numerous attempts to build a harmonic system of typologization criteria all the systems of revolution types induce many questions and critique. Among them being the absence of a unified identifier, uncertainty in differentiation of the types specified, and ignoring some peculiar features of a revolution. The author does the analysis of a current state of a problem of a tipologization of revolutions, including, through a prism of the modern phenomena of so-called "velvet" and “color revolutions", for explaining of which the concept of democratization and its waves and democratic transit is applied. He also concludes that the last having no signs of revolutionary changes, which particularly do not result in socio-political transformation. This proves that the absence of precise rendering the revolution notion results in eroding the phenomenon boundaries.
RESEARCH IN PECULIAR PERSONAL SELF-INTERPRETATION IN DIFFERENT ETHNIC COMMUNITIES
Berberian A., Touchina O. P.84-100
Key words: SELF-UNDERSTANDING; SELF-INTERPRETATION; INDEPENDENT, INTERRELATED, METAPERSONAL TYPE OF SELF-INTERPRETATION
Abstract: In this article the categories of "self-understanding" and "self-construal" are considered from the positions of subject-existential approach. The self-understanding is a process of search of the valuable bases of life of a personality in a socio-cultural context. Self-construal is considered to be the way of self-understanding based on the questions, which a person addresses himself. Each type of self-construal represents a certain type of questions which a person asks, thus defining, the direction of search of the valuable bases of his life. A person’s learning of ethno-cultural tradition leads the fact that within a certain cultural tradition people are guided by a certain type of the questions conducting to understanding of certain parts of their “I” that is shown in the dominating type of self- construal. The conducted empirical research has confirmed the supposition of the connection of features of ethnic culture and expression of certain types of self- construal: the highest level of independent and metapersonal self-construal has been revealed among the representatives of the big title ethnos (the Russian respondents); the representatives of the small integrated ethnos (the Adyghs and the Abkhazians) revealed the level of an interdependent self-construal.
Independent self- construal in a bigger measure is characteristic for men, than for women whereas interdependent self-construal is defined, mainly, by features of life of an ethnic group; the metapersonal self-construal doesn't depend on a sex.
The self-construal phenomenon, thus, is reflection at individual level of norms and the values of ethno-culture divided by the individual.
PSYCHOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT
DETERMINANTS OF FACIAL EXPRESSION CODING IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: ROLE OF COMMUNICATION EXPERIENCE AND GENDER
Labunskaya V., Mendzheritskaya J. P.101-113
Key words: FACIAL EXPRESSION CODING; BASIC EMOTIONS; COMMUNICATION EXPERIENCE; PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Abstract: The aim of our research was to analyse the coding of facial expression of basic emotions by preschool children (happiness, surprise, sadness, fear) from the point of view of the humanistic-psychological approach. Coding and decoding expression of emotional states is considered as one of the components of social intellect and an index of emotional competence. The coding performance was studied in the situations of «communication with peers», in «children groups», where each preschool child both was observed from the peer and decoded the facial expression of the peer himself. Following factors were treated as basic factors of successful coding: 1) long term face-to-face communication experience with peers attending to the same kindergarten group (familiar children); 2) lack of the interaction and communication experience with the target (unfamiliar children). 100 children from four different kindergartens of senior preschool took part in our research (6 years old; 49 boys and 51 girls).
The research confirms that preschool children possess different techniques of coding facial emotional expressions. The children successfully control facial moves forming sad and happy expressions. Less successfully they code facial expressions of fear and surprise. No pronounced differentiated influence of sex and age is registered to influence coding the expression of basic emotions. The conclusion accords with the results of researches claiming that sex and age more intensively influence non-intensive and multivalued facial expression. With that, communicative experience more influence the processes of coding facial expression of boys than of girls.
SPECIFIC SUBJECT MANIFESTATION OF CHILDREN WITH MOTIONAL DEVIATIONS
Medvedeva Ye. P.114-123
Key words: KEYWORDS: PERSONALITY, SUBJECT, SUBJECTIVITY, SUBJECT-BEING APPROACH, ACTIVITY, COMMUNICATION, INFANTILE CEREBRAL PALSY
Abstract: The article refers to the problem of formation personal subjectivity of the disabled. Specific subject manifestations of children are analyzed with motional disabilities (with cerebral palsy children) by means of peculiar features of different activities (play activity and communication). A group of children without motional disorder was compared with the having such according to the indices of intitiativeness, responsibility, and communicative self-dependence. Standardized observation on the children’s play showed that they much more rare display initiative in choosing play roles than the children of the control group of the same age. In play situations they also less rarely display responsibility and subjectivity communicating with other children. The level of well-being (the presence of mutual choice in the children’s group) is also lower in the group of children with motional disabilities. High level of anxiety in relationships with other children corresponds with the peculiarities.
So, the children with motional disorder display subjective qualities like initiativeness, responsibility, activity less than healthy children of the same age. The author concludes that there are specific subject manifestations in play and communication of children with motional deviations which differentiate in constructive and pseudocompensating. They provide building a special complex of subjective qualities providing acceptable level of their interaction with the environment.The opportunity to form personal subjectivity of a motionally disabled child is shown by the research, which is equal in its characteristics to children of the same age but without motional disabilities.
INTERRELATION OF SOCIO-COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS AND COPING STRATEGIES OF TEENAGERS WITH COMPENSATED DIFFICULTIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Filipidi T., Florovsky S. P.124-141
Key words: SOCIO-COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS, COPING STRATEGIES, INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION, SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, TEENAGERS, DIFFICULT PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Abstract: The article discusses the results of the research of socio-communicative skills and coping strategies of teenagers with compensated difficulties of psychological development. These regulatory formations are interpreted correspondingly as operational-behavioral and resource-mobilization components of the teenagers’ under consideration socio-communicative competence. The difficulty of psychological development in childhood with the following compensation are shown to significantly, functionally and polysemantically influence the named subsystems of regulating interpersonal communication and social behavior in late teenager age. A set of reciprocal predictory interrelations between socio-communicative skills and coping strategies is registered for teenagers with difficulties of psychological development.
Teenager boys with compensated difficulties of psychological development in communication are a bit more aggressive, less competent in conversation situations and are more inclined to react at requests from the other people and less inclined to dependent behavior.
The girls of the group are a bit more competent in conversation than “normal” girls of the same age, more often take dependent position in conversation and requests addressed to them, but more aggressive being negatively evaluated by the environing people. In difficult situations the boys and the girls with compensated development delay more actively apply adaptive coping strategies, the girls of the group use emotional strategies rather often.
Generally, the teenagers of psychological development delays more often and more actively apply their communicative skills in the situiations of overcoming life difficulties. For the teenagers of this group the considered components of socio-communicative competence are closely connected and actively interact unlike for the “normative” teenagers of the same age, whose regulatory formations under consideration function about autonomously.