Contents №3-2016
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POLITICAL MANAGEMENT
"WHEN THE FIRST ONE HAS NO ABILITY AND THE SECOND ONE HAS NO WISH, THE THIRD ONE ALWAYS DOMINATES": TO THE ISSUE OF POLITICAL AGENT’S ROLE IN MUNICIPAL REFORM IN PERM AND PERM REGION
Borisova N.V., Petrova R.I., Sulimov К.А. pp.6-24
Abstract: This article focuses on the problem of political interactions of the entity and municipalities in contemporary Russia through the case study of the question on municipal government formation being important for both sides. This question has become more significant due to federal law innovations introduced (2014–2015). According to the last federal decisions, entities have discretionary powers. At the same time, the history of the question has been essential in many regions. Decision making on municipal government formation in Perm region has been developing in conditions of three interested groups’ interactions: 1) regional, 2) local political elites, and 3) a public coalition. All of them claimed on agent’s role through formation and representation of their own public and institutional agendas. The configuration of the agendas’ overlap and gaps constitutes the transformation of institutional design of local government in Perm and the Perm region. Overlap of three public agendas in 2012 that primarily produced the possibility to introduce reforms convenient for everyone, gave way to the agendas gap with the extreme terminals occupied by the public coalition (insisting on the necessity of direct elections of municipal heads) and the regional executive power (promoting a diametrically opposed option). This revealed subjectivity of the interested parties. Perm local elite demonstrated that it is not an “urban political class” being a casual conglomerate of numerous particular and individual interests. The members of this conglomerate did not have the unity of political instruments, resources and commitment. Their last claim on public position was disavowed because it was not the position of the whole “class”. More likely, it was tactics of individual members who had another strategic aim — to survive individually in the context of any institutional forms. The public coalition did not find any allies for two following reasons: 1) the specific characteristics of local “political class” and 2) their limited social basis. Moreover, the public coalition policy was rigid and prevented possibilities for any compromises. Therefore, the regional political elite (the governor administration) was only real political agent. It easily promoted its own decision in conditions of opportunistic attitudes and weakness of other interested groups.
Keywords: political power, political agents, local government, strategies of political interactions, political elites, urban politics.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC IDENTITY AND TOLERANCE IN STUDENTS
Berberyan A.S., Naidenov V.G. pp.25-34
Abstract: Ethnic identity and tolerance concepts analysis as well as the results of correlation study are presented in the article. The aim of the article is to study the correlation between ethnic identity and tolerance. For a full understanding of ethnic tolerance we analyzed substantial characteristics and levels of ethnic identity.
We studied Armenian and Russian students, residing on the territory of the Republic of Armenia, the total number of respondents was 98. We used the following methods: author's ethno- psychological questionnaire, express questionnaire “Index of tolerance” (G. U. Soldatova, O. A. Kravtsova, O. E. Huhlaev, L. A. Shaygerova), types of ethnic identity (G. U. Soldatova, S. V. Ryzhova).
Based on the results of empirical research we found that the majority of respondents had positive ethnic identity, in some cases — ethnonihilism, ethnoegotism and ethnic indifference. The overall high level of tolerance, and the average level of ethnic tolerance dominated in ethnic Russians and ethnic Armenians. As a result of the author's questionnaire subjective importance of own ethnicity, interest in history of its people, traditions and culture was determined; with an overall positive attitude towards other nationalities it was noted the negative attitude to certain nations.
Results of the study confirmed the assumption that there is a positive correlation between a positive ethnic identity and a high level of tolerance in Armenian and Russian students (high Pearson’s correlation coefficient).
Keywords: ethnic identity, ethnic tolerance, ethno-cultural values, ethnic Armenian and Russian youth.
VALUE ATTITUDES AND CIVIL IDENTITY OF YOUTH
Shamionov R.M., Arenkov A.P. pp.35-48
Abstract: The article dwells upon the results of the study of the correlation between traditional values of the Russians and civil identity of youth. The study covered 172 people (56% of them are men) with the average age of 27.5. Based on expert assessments, 80 categories characterizing values of the Russians were identified, and the research subjects from the main group were asked to assess them using a special scale. The analysis demonstrated that in the system of value attitudes of youth, the highest priority is given to the behavior domain (parents honoring, politeness, culture of everyday life, etc.), highest feelings (meaning of life, belief in God, etc.), and attitude to one’s country (cultural values, economic stability, historical past), personal experiences (family, freedom, endurance, etc.), while the least priority is given to power, risk, and money. The study identified 10 factors that account for 60% of total variance. It is found that value attitudes of young people explain 46% of variations in civil identity. Value attitudes towards one’s homeland is the strongest predictor of identity.
Keywords: identity, subject, value attitude, traditional values.
PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGIOSITY: GENDER AND AGE ASPECTS
Galliamova A.A., Lopukhova O.G. pp.49-60
Abstract: The article raises the problem of studying the relationship of spirituality and religiosity, actualized of modern threat of growing influence of various religious movements and sects. Research the content of the image of spirituality in teenagers, young men, young people and adults, both men and women, its relationship with religiosity, allows to compare age and gender perspective and to understand the significance of religious activity in the development of the individual spirituality. The sample included 502 respondents of both sexes aged 11 to 65 years.The study used methods of semantic diagnosis of spirituality representations and measurement of religiosity on eight scales of the “Religious Activity Questionnaire” (Smirnov, 1999), the frequency and correlation analysis.It was found that the level of religious activity has a direct influence on the content of spiritual experience. With age, spirituality is more associated with the moral and ethical, religious content of personal experience and action, whereas in adolescents and young adults “Spirituality” is more associated with the internal state of mind. Religiosity in women largely affects the features of their worldview, identifying with spirituality, whereas in men there is a large variation in associations between the spiritual and religious experience.
Keywords: spirituality, image of spirituality, religiosity, religious activity, adolescents, youths, men, women
THE NORMS OF MALE AND FEMALE BEHAVIOR SHARED BY COLLEGE STUDENTS
Kletsina I.S., Ioffe E.V. pp.61-72
Abstract: The first part of the article presents the theoretical analysis of male/female behavioral norms (gender norms) as a phenomenon in social psychology. Gender norms are characterized as a type of social norms. Their varieties, functions and major types (traditionalist and egalitarian) are described. The second part of the article describes the results of an empirical study of traditionalist/egalitarian views of college students on male gender norms. We found out that most male and female college students share mixed view of gender norms that include both traditionalist and egalitarian elements. Interestingly, the number of female students that believe that men should behave according to traditionalist masculine ideology, was three times less then the number of male students who believe the same. We’ve also got statistically significant differences between male and female samples in this study on the evaluation of different spheres in male behavior. Female students were less traditionalist in their expectations towards male behavior in all spheres except breadwinning for the family and being professionally successful.
Keywords: social norms, gender norms, traditionalist type of male behavior, egalitarian type of male behavior.
WOMEN’S AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES ABOUT MARITAL RELATIONS AND GENDER SELF-ESTEEM
Shlykova J.B., Lagutova L.O. pp.73-91
Abstract: The article presents the results of an empirical study on the relationship of gender components of self-esteem of women with the structure and content of autobiographical memories. Autobiographical memories are considered as the basis for the construction of personal identity. Peculiarities of self-identity in the various spheres of life, including the sphere of marital relations are reflected in the memories.
Marital relations are reviewed through woman’s memories and assessment of individual events; a woman is represented as a subject of these relations. Gender self-esteem is examined through the height, stability, realism, integration of self-confidence and optimism level in reaching the ideal. Autobiographical memories are analyzed according to several parameters: the amount of memory space, the number of characters, the location of the author in the recollection, the activity, the presence of joint activities, emotional esteem of memories, memories leading issue. Memories analysis is a comparison of contrasting groups of women, identified on the basis of self-esteem of individual indicators.
The results demonstrate an evident correlation between the majority of the components of gender self-esteem with the content and structure of autobiographical memories. Parameters of gender self-esteem of women showed a strong correlation with characteristics of memories like marital activity, the extension or limitation of contacts and spheres of self-fulfillment, positive attitude toward marriage, the willingness to act together and share the responsibility with the husband, commitment to the implementation of the maternal function, the need for control of the marital relationship. The correlation between the thematic content of memories and different parameters of gender self-esteem of women is also presented. The most apparent correlation could be seen in the memories of children, marital conflicts, centration on the husband and the correlation of professional and family spheres of women's life.
Keywords: gender self-esteem, marital relationships, autobiographical memories, parameters of memories analysis.
LABOUR PSYCHOLOGY
NEEDS AND VALUES IN THE STRUCTURE OF OFFICER'S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT MOTIVATION
Vyzulina K.S. pp.92-102
Abstract: The article is devoted to specific educational needs and values in the structure of officer personality development motivation at different stages of life. For a more profound understanding and manifestation of the concept of needs and value sphere, theoretical and empirical studies have been carried out. In the theoretical part, works of national and foreign researchers, their classifications, based on the theories of needs, have been reviewed. Special attention was paid to the concept of S. Richie and P. Martin, where a group of twelve personal needs has been picked out, and the combination of those needs shows the prioritized needs that motivate human career. Value sphere was reviewed from the perspective of existential approach. It was found that the value orientations affect the actual level of motivation; in turn, the actual level of motivation influences the value orientations. With all the variety of research of motivational sphere and its relation to the needs developing under the influence of the individual values, it should be noted that there are population segments the research of which becomes increasingly important. Among them, one can find a large foundation of regular officers. Formation of a stable system of values among the officers is one of the prioritized tasks of military education.
In the empirical part of the study by means of “Value orientations” test (M. Rokeach) and “Diagnostics of the system of corporate employees’ professional values of” questionnaire (S. Ritchie, P. Martin) professional needs and value orientations of military university officers were reviewed. The examinees (89 people) were divided into 2 subgroups: young officers — troop commanders (48 people) and military university teachers as well as high rank officers and retired officers (41 people). In the framework of the study, it was identified that the professional values system of military university officers includes a specific set of needs in the form of: sense of relevance and interesting work; self-improvement; clear structuring of work; setting challenging goals in life and achieving them; recognition; decent financial remuneration. In the terminal values system, officers prefer a happy family life, physical and mental health, good and faithful friends, self-confidence, financially secure life.
It is concluded that established interrelations allow for labeling a set of central personal formations in the form of a system of needs and values as a motivation for development of officer’s personality at different ages. The obtained data allow for highlighting directions of personal and professional growth of chief officers.
Keywords: motivational sphere; needs; value; officers.
HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY
STUDENTS’ PROTEST IN KRASNODAR IN 1928: EMOTIONAL NORMS OF THE POWER AND YOUTH
Rozhkov A.Yu. pp.103-122
Abstract: The article refers to the description and interpretation of a student mass protest that took place in Krasnodar in March 1928 in connection with the sentence of the court on the “Sindarovskiy’s case”. The data sources are the OGPU papers, documents of the party and Komsomol institutions, newspaper articles and memoirs of the participants. The case is analyzed with research “optics” of the cultural history of the emotions, which lets us understand the past as the world of feelings and emotional experiences. The author pays his attention to the feeling system of two “emotional communities” involved into those events — the official authorities (party, trade union, Komsomol functionaries, law enforcement and management of higher education institutions) and students (with all the peculiarities of their small communities in each educational institution).
An analysis of the official discourse of power, the discussions at the party and Komsomol meetings and students’ prejudicial evidence show that the young people considered the highest judiciary, but not the local one, to be credible. The Party power and the OGPU institutions were not willing to lose the status of a paternalistic “strict father” in the relationship with the youth. Emotional values of the authorities and a part of the students were placed in different coordinate systems. These two different types of culture displayed some differences in emotional evaluations, whereby the official authorities tried to make the youth change the direction of emotional standards and focus on “strict feelings”. It is necessary to admit that the nature of mutual fears was different. The fear of the official authorities was cognitive whereas the youth’ one had an affective-cognitive structure.
Keywords: Krasnodar, “Sindarovskiy’s case”, “chubarovtsy”, the student protest, “emotional communities”.
LEISURE SOCIOLOGY
ROLE AND MEANING OF SPARE TIME IN CONTEXT OF FORMATION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES IN MODERN ARMENIAN SOCIETY
Mkoyan G.S. pp.123-131
Abstract: The article dwells upon the problem of spare time culture as a factor in the formation of the modern society that has entered the era of globalization, which opens up opportunities for a variety of leisure activities and at the same time creates a problematic situation for a person related to the effective use of leisure potential for the development of person’s leisure culture.
The objective of the research was to study spare time role and value in the formation of social and cultural values in our society among two generations — today's youth (aged 18–30) and the older generation (aged 56–66), to identify particular preferences in the environment of two generations in the field of leisure, to provide a comparative analysis and assessment of findings. The author had the task of considering the organizational process of spare time activities as a scientific and social problem, the ways to spend spare time by the representatives of the above-mentioned age groups, elaborate on spare time culture concept. Quantitative and qualitative methods of sociological research were used as part of the study: unstructured participant observation, expert survey, interviewing (questionnaire survey) using quota sample within population composition by sex and age.
When analyzing the data, the author chose such objective measures of spare time quality as a variety of leisure activities, particulars of preferences of two generations in the organizational process of spare time activities (the level of interest in reading, using of information and communication technologies, the frequency of visits to institutions of cultural and leisure activities, etc.)
The article argues the idea that spare time acquires its true value when it is focused on the allround development of a human being and his/her acquisition of socio-cultural values. When a person has more spare time, he/she has more opportunities for self-development and a person has less time for inactive leisure.
Keywords: spare time culture, generation, individual, values, society, activity, leisure.
REVIEWS
DEVELOPMENT URBAN CONFLICT IDEAS IN MODERN SOCIAL RESEARCHES
Kol'ba A.I. pp. 132-144